Dictionary entry details
• PHILOSOPHER (noun)
Meaning:
A specialist in philosophy
Classified under:
Nouns denoting people
Hypernyms ("philosopher" is a kind of...):
bookman; scholar; scholarly person; student (a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines)
Domain category:
philosophy (the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics)
Hyponyms (each of the following is a kind of "philosopher"):
nativist (a philosopher who subscribes to nativism)
necessitarian (someone who does not believe the doctrine of free will)
nominalist (a philosopher who has adopted the doctrine of nominalism)
pluralist (a philosopher who believes that no single explanation can account for all the phenomena of nature)
pre-Socratic (any philosopher who lived before Socrates)
realist (a philosopher who believes that universals are real and exist independently of anyone thinking of them)
Scholastic (a Scholastic philosopher or theologian)
Sophist (any of a group of Greek philosophers and teachers in the 5th century BC who speculated on a wide range of subjects)
Stoic (a member of the ancient Greek school of philosophy founded by Zeno)
transcendentalist (advocate of transcendentalism)
yogi (one who practices yoga and has achieved a high level of spiritual insight)
naturalist (an advocate of the doctrine that the world can be understood in scientific terms)
moralist (a philosopher who specializes in morals and moral problems)
Cynic (a member of a group of ancient Greek philosophers who advocated the doctrine that virtue is the only good and that the essence of virtue is self-control)
eclectic; eclecticist (someone who selects according to the eclectic method)
empiricist (a philosopher who subscribes to empiricism)
epistemologist (a specialist in epistemology)
aesthetician; esthetician (a philosopher who specializes in the nature of beauty)
ethician; ethicist (a philosopher who specializes in ethics)
existentialist; existentialist philosopher (a philosopher who emphasizes freedom of choice and personal responsibility but who regards human existence in a hostile universe as unexplainable)
gymnosophist (member of a Hindu sect practicing gymnosophy (especially nudism))
libertarian (someone who believes the doctrine of free will)
mechanist (a philosopher who subscribes to the doctrine of mechanism)
Instance hyponyms:
Blaise Pascal; Pascal (French mathematician and philosopher and Jansenist; invented an adding machine; contributed (with Fermat) to the theory of probability (1623-1662))
Parmenides (a presocratic Greek philosopher born in Italy; held the metaphysical view that being is the basic substance and ultimate reality of which all things are composed; said that motion and change are sensory illusions (5th century BC))
Jose Ortega y Gasset; Ortega y Gasset (Spanish philosopher who advocated leadership by an intellectual elite (1883-1955))
Origen (Greek philosopher and theologian who reinterpreted Christian doctrine through the philosophy of Neoplatonism; his work was later condemned as unorthodox (185-254))
Charles Franklin Peirce; Charles Peirce; Peirce (United States philosopher and logician; pioneer of pragmatism (1839-1914))
Perry; Ralph Barton Perry (United States philosopher (1876-1957))
Plato (ancient Athenian philosopher; pupil of Socrates; teacher of Aristotle (428-347 BC))
Plotinus (Roman philosopher (born in Egypt) who was the leading representative of Neoplatonism (205-270))
Pythagoras (Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem; considered to be the first true mathematician (circa 580-500 BC))
Quine; W. V. Quine; Willard Van Orman Quine (United States philosopher and logician who championed an empirical view of knowledge that depended on language (1908-2001))
Occam; Ockham; William of Occam; William of Ockham (English scholastic philosopher and assumed author of Occam's Razor (1285-1349))
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche; Nietzsche (influential German philosopher remembered for his concept of the superman and for his rejection of Christian values; considered, along with Kierkegaard, to be a founder of existentialism (1844-1900))
G. E. Moore; George Edward Moore; Moore (English philosopher (1873-1958))
Machiavelli; Niccolo Machiavelli (a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527))
Maimonides; Moses Maimonides; Rabbi Moses Ben Maimon (Spanish philosopher considered the greatest Jewish scholar of the Middle Ages who codified Jewish law in the Talmud (1135-1204))
Malebranche; Nicolas de Malebranche (French philosopher (1638-1715))
Herbert Marcuse; Marcuse (United States political philosopher (born in Germany) concerned about the dehumanizing effects of capitalism and modern technology (1898-1979))
Karl Marx; Marx (founder of modern communism; wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engels in 1848; wrote Das Kapital in 1867 (1818-1883))
George Herbert Mead; Mead (United States philosopher of pragmatism (1863-1931))
John Mill; John Stuart Mill; Mill (English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism (1806-1873))
James Mill; Mill (Scottish philosopher who expounded Bentham's utilitarianism; father of John Stuart Mill (1773-1836))
Baron de la Brede et de Montesquieu; Charles Louis de Secondat; Montesquieu (French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755))
Ernst Mach; Mach (Austrian physicist and philosopher who introduced the Mach number and who founded logical positivism (1838-1916))
Radhakrishnan; Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan; Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (Indian philosopher and statesman who introduced Indian philosophy to the West (1888-1975))
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin; Teilhard de Chardin (French paleontologist and philosopher (1881-1955))
Thales; Thales of Miletus (a presocratic Greek philosopher and astronomer (who predicted an eclipse in 585 BC) who was said by Aristotle to be the founder of physical science; he held that all things originated in water (624-546 BC))
Theophrastus (Greek philosopher who was a student of Aristotle and who succeeded Aristotle as the leader of the Peripatetics (371-287 BC))
Simone Weil; Weil (French philosopher (1909-1943))
Alfred North Whitehead; Whitehead (English philosopher and mathematician who collaborated with Bertrand Russell (1861-1947))
Bernanrd Arthur Owen Williams; Sir Bernanrd Williams; Williams (English philosopher credited with reviving the field of moral philosophy (1929-2003))
Ludwig Josef Johan Wittgenstein; Ludwig Wittgenstein; Wittgenstein (British philosopher born in Austria; a major influence on logic and logical positivism (1889-1951))
Xenophanes (Greek philosopher (560-478 BC))
Zeno; Zeno of Citium (ancient Greek philosopher who founded the Stoic school (circa 335-263 BC))
Rabindranath Tagore; Sir Rabindranath Tagore; Tagore (Indian writer and philosopher whose poetry (based on traditional Hindu themes) pioneered the use of colloquial Bengali (1861-1941))
Dugald Stewart; Stewart (Scottish philosopher and follower of Thomas Reid (1753-1828))
Baruch de Spinoza; Benedict de Spinoza; de Spinoza; Spinoza (Dutch philosopher who espoused a pantheistic system (1632-1677))
Reid; Thomas Reid (Scottish philosopher of common sense who opposed the ideas of David Hume (1710-1796))
Jean-Jacques Rousseau; Rousseau (French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society; ideas influenced the French Revolution (1712-1778))
Bertrand Arthur William Russell; Bertrand Russell; Earl Russell; Russell (English philosopher and mathematician who collaborated with Whitehead (1872-1970))
Arthur Schopenhauer; Schopenhauer (German pessimist philosopher (1788-1860))
Albert Schweitzer; Schweitzer (French philosopher and physician and organist who spent most of his life as a medical missionary in Gabon (1875-1965))
Lucius Annaeus Seneca; Seneca (Roman statesman and philosopher who was an advisor to Nero; his nine extant tragedies are modeled on Greek tragedies (circa 4 BC - 65 AD))
Socrates (ancient Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC))
Herbert Spencer; Spencer (English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903))
Oswald Spengler; Spengler (German philosopher who argued that cultures grow and decay in cycles (1880-1936))
Zeno; Zeno of Elea (ancient Greek philosopher who formulated paradoxes that defended the belief that motion and change are illusory (circa 495-430 BC))
Lully; Ramon Lully; Raymond Lully (Spanish philosopher (1235-1315))
Abelard; Peter Abelard; Pierre Abelard (French philosopher and theologian; lover of Heloise (1079-1142))
Bruno; Giordano Bruno (Italian philosopher who used Copernican principles to develop a pantheistic monistic philosophy; condemned for heresy by the Inquisition and burned at the stake (1548-1600))
Buber; Martin Buber (Israeli religious philosopher (born in Austria); as a Zionist he promoted understanding between Jews and Arabs; his writings affected Christian thinkers as well as Jews (1878-1965))
Cassirer; Ernst Cassirer (German philosopher concerned with concept formation in the human mind and with symbolic forms in human culture generally (1874-1945))
Cleanthes (ancient Greek philosopher who succeeded Zeno of Citium as the leader of the Stoic school (300-232 BC))
Auguste Comte; Comte; Isidore Auguste Marie Francois Comte (French philosopher remembered as the founder of positivism; he also established sociology as a systematic field of study)
Condorcet; Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat; Marquis de Condorcet (French mathematician and philosopher (1743-1794))
Confucius; K'ung Futzu; Kong the Master; Kongfuze (Chinese philosopher whose ideas and sayings were collected after his death and became the basis of a philosophical doctrine known a Confucianism (circa 551-478 BC))
Democritus (Greek philosopher who developed an atomistic theory of matter (460-370 BC))
Derrida; Jacques Derrida (French philosopher and critic (born in Algeria); exponent of deconstructionism (1930-2004))
Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius; Boethius (a Roman who was an early Christian philosopher and statesman who was executed for treason; Boethius had a decisive influence on medieval logic (circa 480-524))
Berkeley; Bishop Berkeley; George Berkeley (Irish philosopher and Anglican bishop who opposed the materialism of Thomas Hobbes (1685-1753))
Bergson; Henri Bergson; Henri Louis Bergson (French philosopher who proposed elan vital as the cause of evolution and development (1859-1941))
Anaxagoras (a presocratic Athenian philosopher who maintained that everything is composed of very small particles that were arranged by some eternal intelligence (500-428 BC))
Anaximander (a presocratic Greek philosopher and student of Thales who believed the universal substance to be infinity rather than something resembling ordinary objects (611-547 BC))
Anaximenes (a presocratic Greek philosopher and associate of Anaximander who believed that all things are made of air in different degrees of density (6th century BC))
Arendt; Hannah Arendt (United States historian and political philosopher (born in Germany) (1906-1975))
Aristotle (one of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers; pupil of Plato; teacher of Alexander the Great (384-322 BC))
Abul-Walid Mohammed ibn-Ahmad Ibn-Mohammed ibn-Roshd; Averroes; ibn-Roshd (Arabian philosopher born in Spain; wrote detailed commentaries on Aristotle that were admired by the Schoolmen (1126-1198))
Abu Ali al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina; Avicenna; ibn-Sina (Arabian physician and influential Islamic philosopher; his interpretation of Aristotle influenced St. Thomas Aquinas; writings on medicine were important for almost 500 years (980-1037))
1st Baron Verulam; Bacon; Baron Verulam; Francis Bacon; Sir Francis Bacon; Viscount St. Albans (English statesman and philosopher; precursor of British empiricism; advocated inductive reasoning (1561-1626))
Bentham; Jeremy Bentham (English philosopher and jurist; founder of utilitarianism (1748-1831))
Descartes; Rene Descartes (French philosopher and mathematician; developed dualistic theory of mind and matter; introduced the use of coordinates to locate a point in two or three dimensions (1596-1650))
Dewey; John Dewey (United States pragmatic philosopher who advocated progressive education (1859-1952))
David Hume; Hume (Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776))
Edmund Husserl; Husserl (German philosopher who developed phenomenology (1859-1938))
Hypatia (Greek philosopher and astronomer; she invented the astrolabe (370-415))
James; William James (United States pragmatic philosopher and psychologist (1842-1910))
Immanuel Kant; Kant (influential German idealist philosopher (1724-1804))
Kierkegaard; Soren Aabye Kierkegaard; Soren Kierkegaard (Danish philosopher who is generally considered. along with Nietzsche, to be a founder of existentialism (1813-1855))
Lao-tse; Lao-tzu; Lao-zi (Chinese philosopher regarded as the founder of Taoism (6th century BC))
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz; Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz; Leibnitz; Leibniz (German philosopher and mathematician who thought of the universe as consisting of independent monads and who devised a system of the calculus independent of Newton (1646-1716))
John Locke; Locke (English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704))
Hobbes; Thomas Hobbes (English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679))
Herder; Johann Gottfried von Herder (German philosopher who advocated intuition over reason (1744-1803))
Herbart; Johann Friedrich Herbart (German philosopher (1776-1841))
Denis Diderot; Diderot (French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France; principal editor of an encyclopedia that disseminated the scientific and philosophical knowledge of the time (1713-1784))
Diogenes (an ancient Greek philosopher and Cynic who rejected social conventions (circa 400-325 BC))
Empedocles (Greek philosopher who taught that all matter is composed of particles of fire and water and air and earth (fifth century BC))
Epictetus (Greek philosopher who was a Stoic (circa 50-130))
Epicurus (Greek philosopher who believed that the world is a random combination of atoms and that pleasure is the highest good (341-270 BC))
Ernst Heinrich Haeckel; Haeckel (German biologist and philosopher; advocated Darwinism and formulated the theory of recapitulation; was an exponent of materialistic monism (1834-1919))
David Hartley; Hartley (English philosopher who introduced the theory of the association of ideas (1705-1757))
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel; Hegel (German philosopher whose three stage process of dialectical reasoning was adopted by Karl Marx (1770-1831))
Heraclitus (a presocratic Greek philosopher who said that fire is the origin of all things and that permanence is an illusion as all things are in perpetual flux (circa 500 BC))
Lucretius; Titus Lucretius Carus (Roman philosopher and poet; in a long didactic poem he tried to provide a scientific explanation of the universe (96-55 BC))
Meaning:
A wise person who is calm and rational; someone who lives a life of reason with equanimity
Classified under:
Nouns denoting people
Hypernyms ("philosopher" is a kind of...):
individual; mortal; person; somebody; someone; soul (a human being)
